Manaslu | 2020 NE Face
A Italy expedition to Manaslu in 2020 via NE Face, led by Simone Moro.
7 members recorded.
Expedition Details
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
10538
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:04:49.359634
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| Host Country |
1
|
| Route 1 |
NE Face
|
| Route 2 |
-
|
| Route 3 |
-
|
| Route 4 |
-
|
| Nationality |
Italy
|
| Leaders |
Simone Moro
|
| Sponsor |
Italian-Spanish Manaslu Winter Expedition 2020-2021
|
| Success 1 |
False
|
| Success 2 |
False
|
| Success 3 |
False
|
| Success 4 |
False
|
| Ascent 1 |
-
|
| Ascent 2 |
-
|
| Ascent 3 |
-
|
| Ascent 4 |
-
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Countries |
Spain
|
| Approach |
Samagaon by helicopter
|
| Basecamp Date |
2021-01-10
|
| Summit Date |
-
|
| Summit Time |
-
|
| Summit Days |
0
|
| Total Days |
0
|
| Termination Date |
-
|
| Termination Reason |
5
|
| Termination Notes |
Abandoned at 7050m due to deep snow and dangerous conditions
|
| High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Camps |
2
|
| Fixed Rope (m) |
0
|
| Total Members |
3
|
| Summit Members |
0
|
| Member Deaths |
0
|
| Total Hired |
4
|
| Summit Hired |
0
|
| Hired Deaths |
0
|
| No Hired |
False
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Taken |
False
|
| O2 Unknown |
False
|
| Other Summits |
-
|
| Campsites |
BC(10/01,4800m),C1(5700m),C2(6550m),xxx(7050m)
|
| Route Notes |
-
|
| Accidents |
-
|
| Achievement |
-
|
| Agency |
Seven Summit Treks
|
| Commercial Route |
True
|
| Standard Route |
True
|
| Primary Route |
False
|
| Primary Member |
False
|
| Primary Reference |
False
|
| Primary ID |
-
|
| Checksum |
3100
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| O2 Summary |
None
|
| Route (lowercase) |
ne face
|
Members
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78084
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
01
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Simone
|
| Last Name |
Moro
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1967
|
| Calculated Age |
53
|
| Citizenship |
Italy
|
| Status |
Leader
|
| Residence |
Ponteranica, Bergamo, Italy
|
| Occupation |
Alpinist/pilot
|
| Leader |
True
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
False
|
| Sherpa |
False
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
False
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
0
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
2437874
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
simone moro
|
| Year of Birth |
1967
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
53
|
| Role |
Leader
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78085
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
02
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Inaki
|
| Last Name |
Alvarez Narvarro
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1974
|
| Calculated Age |
46
|
| Citizenship |
Spain
|
| Status |
Climber
|
| Residence |
Zumarraga, Vizcaya, Spain
|
| Occupation |
-
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
False
|
| Sherpa |
False
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
50
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
inaki alvarez narvarro
|
| Year of Birth |
1974
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
46
|
| Role |
Member
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78086
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
03
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Jon Alexander (Alex)
|
| Last Name |
Chicon Navarez
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1981
|
| Calculated Age |
39
|
| Citizenship |
Spain
|
| Status |
Climber
|
| Residence |
Lemona, Vizcaya, Spain
|
| Occupation |
Alpinist
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
False
|
| Sherpa |
False
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
2443020
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
jon alexander (alex) chicon navarez
|
| Year of Birth |
1981
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
39
|
| Role |
Member
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78087
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
04
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Chhepal
|
| Last Name |
Sherpa
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1982
|
| Calculated Age |
38
|
| Citizenship |
Nepal
|
| Status |
H-A Worker
|
| Residence |
Patle-2, Okhaldhunga
|
| Occupation |
-
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
True
|
| Sherpa |
True
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
2443232
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
chhepal sherpa
|
| Year of Birth |
1982
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
38
|
| Role |
Hired
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78088
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
05
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Gyalu
|
| Last Name |
Sherpa
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1978
|
| Calculated Age |
42
|
| Citizenship |
Nepal
|
| Status |
H-A Worker
|
| Residence |
Patle-2, Okhaldhunga
|
| Occupation |
-
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
True
|
| Sherpa |
True
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
50
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
gyalu sherpa
|
| Year of Birth |
1978
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
42
|
| Role |
Hired
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78089
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
06
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Kalden Phura
|
| Last Name |
Sherpa
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1987
|
| Calculated Age |
33
|
| Citizenship |
Nepal
|
| Status |
H-A Worker
|
| Residence |
Pangboche, Khmbu
|
| Occupation |
-
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
True
|
| Sherpa |
True
|
| Tibetan |
False
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
2444917
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
kalden phura sherpa
|
| Year of Birth |
1987
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
33
|
| Role |
Hired
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
78090
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Member ID |
07
|
| Peak ID |
MANA
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Season |
4
|
| First Name |
Namja/Namgya
|
| Last Name |
Bhote
|
| Sex |
M
|
| Age |
0
|
| Birth Date |
-
|
| Year of Birth |
1997
|
| Calculated Age |
23
|
| Citizenship |
Nepal
|
| Status |
H-A Worker
|
| Residence |
Hatiya-3, Makalu-Barun
|
| Occupation |
-
|
| Leader |
False
|
| Deputy |
False
|
| Basecamp Only |
False
|
| Not to BC |
False
|
| Support |
False
|
| Disabled |
False
|
| Hired |
True
|
| Sherpa |
False
|
| Tibetan |
True
|
| Summit Success |
False
|
| Claimed |
False
|
| Disputed |
False
|
| Solo |
False
|
| Traverse |
False
|
| Ski |
False
|
| Paraglide |
False
|
| Speed |
False
|
| High Point (m) |
True
|
| Personal High Point (m) |
7050
|
| Summit Date 1 |
-
|
| Summit Date 2 |
-
|
| Summit Date 3 |
-
|
| Summit Time 1 |
-
|
| Summit Time 2 |
-
|
| Summit Time 3 |
-
|
| Route 1 |
0
|
| Route 2 |
0
|
| Route 3 |
0
|
| Ascent 1 |
0
|
| Ascent 2 |
0
|
| Ascent 3 |
0
|
| O2 Used |
False
|
| O2 None |
True
|
| O2 Climb |
False
|
| O2 Descent |
False
|
| O2 Sleep |
False
|
| O2 Medical |
False
|
| O2 Notes |
-
|
| Death |
False
|
| Death Date |
-
|
| Death Time |
-
|
| Death Type |
0
|
| Death Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Class |
0
|
| AMS |
False
|
| Weather |
False
|
| Injury |
False
|
| Injury Date |
-
|
| Injury Time |
-
|
| Injury Type |
0
|
| Injury Height (m) |
0
|
| Death Notes |
-
|
| Member Notes |
-
|
| Necrology |
-
|
| Summit Bid |
1
|
| Summit Term |
4
|
| HCN |
0
|
| Checksum |
2448607
|
| Summit Note 1 |
0
|
| Summit Note 2 |
0
|
| Summit Note 3 |
0
|
| Death Route |
0
|
| Name (lowercase) |
namja/namgya bhote
|
| Year of Birth |
1997
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Age at Expedition |
23
|
| Role |
Hired
|
7 recorded members.
| Name |
Sex |
Year of Birth |
Citizenship |
Status |
Residence |
Occupation |
|
|
Simone Moro
|
M
|
1967
|
Italy
|
Leader
|
Ponteranica, Bergamo, Italy
|
Alpinist/pilot
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Inaki Alvarez Narvarro
|
M
|
1974
|
Spain
|
Climber
|
Zumarraga, Vizcaya, Spain
|
-
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Jon Alexander (Alex) Chicon Navarez
|
M
|
1981
|
Spain
|
Climber
|
Lemona, Vizcaya, Spain
|
Alpinist
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Chhepal Sherpa
|
M
|
1982
|
Nepal
|
H-A Worker
|
Patle-2, Okhaldhunga
|
-
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Gyalu Sherpa
|
M
|
1978
|
Nepal
|
H-A Worker
|
Patle-2, Okhaldhunga
|
-
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Kalden Phura Sherpa
|
M
|
1987
|
Nepal
|
H-A Worker
|
Pangboche, Khmbu
|
-
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
|
Namja/Namgya Bhote
|
M
|
1997
|
Nepal
|
H-A Worker
|
Hatiya-3, Makalu-Barun
|
-
|
Details
Other expeditions
|
References
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
14731
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Reference ID |
01
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Type |
5
|
| Journal |
-
|
| Author |
-
|
| Title |
https://www.climbing.com/news/difficult-conditions-thwart-2021-winter-manaslu-attempts-to-date/
|
| Publisher |
-
|
| Publication Date |
-
|
| Language |
-
|
| Citation |
-
|
| Yak 94 |
-
|
| Notes |
-
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
14732
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Reference ID |
02
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Type |
5
|
| Journal |
-
|
| Author |
-
|
| Title |
https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/alex-txikon-manaslu-winter-attempt-mountaineering.html
|
| Publisher |
-
|
| Publication Date |
-
|
| Language |
-
|
| Citation |
-
|
| Yak 94 |
-
|
| Notes |
-
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
14733
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Reference ID |
03
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Type |
5
|
| Journal |
-
|
| Author |
-
|
| Title |
https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/interview-simone-moro-on-winter-manaslu-expedition-progress/
|
| Publisher |
-
|
| Publication Date |
-
|
| Language |
-
|
| Citation |
-
|
| Yak 94 |
-
|
| Notes |
-
|
| Field |
Value |
| ID |
14736
|
| Imported |
2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
|
| Expedition ID |
MANA20401
|
| Reference ID |
04
|
| Year |
2020
|
| Type |
5
|
| Journal |
-
|
| Author |
-
|
| Title |
https://www.elcorreo.com/mendian/escalada/alex-txikon-presenta-su-proxima-expedicion-invernal-en-directo-tv-20201228084343-nt.html?ref=https:%2F%2Fwww.google.com
|
| Publisher |
-
|
| Publication Date |
-
|
| Language |
Spanish
|
| Citation |
-
|
| Yak 94 |
-
|
| Notes |
-
|
4 recorded references.