Cho Oyu | 1994 W side from N (Tichy rte)

A China expedition to Cho Oyu in 1994 via W side from N (Tichy rte), led by Samdrup. Summit reached on 30th September 1994. 11 members recorded.

Expedition Details

Field	Value
ID	1374
Imported	2026-03-06 18:04:49.359634
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
Host Country	2
Route 1	W side from N (Tichy rte)
Route 2	-
Route 3	-
Route 4	-
Nationality	China
Leaders	Samdrup
Sponsor	China-Tibet Expedition to 14 Mountains of 8000m
Success 1	True
Success 2	False
Success 3	False
Success 4	False
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	-
Ascent 3	-
Ascent 4	-
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Countries	-
Approach	-
Basecamp Date	1994-09-17
Summit Date	1994-09-30
Summit Time	0905
Summit Days	13
Total Days	0
Termination Date	-
Termination Reason	1
Termination Notes	-
High Point (m)	8188
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Camps	1
Fixed Rope (m)	0
Total Members	11
Summit Members	9
Member Deaths	0
Total Hired	2
Summit Hired	0
Hired Deaths	0
No Hired	False
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Taken	True
O2 Unknown	False
Other Summits	-
Campsites	BC(17/09,5200m),ABC(22/09,5800m),C1(23/09,6400m),C2(24/09,7200m),C3(29/09,7500m),Smt(30/09)
Route Notes	9 climbers & leader (to C2) & doctor at ABC and two porters whom they called coolies - climbed very fast.
Accidents	Nothing
Achievement	-
Agency	-
Commercial Route	True
Standard Route	True
Primary Route	False
Primary Member	False
Primary Reference	-
Primary ID	-
Checksum	2455355
Year	1994
Summit Success	True
O2 Summary	None
Route (lowercase)	w side from n (tichy rte)

Members

Field	Value
ID	5350
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	03
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Akebu (Akbu, Akbulnut)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1962
Calculated Age	32
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Cameraman
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	-
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2435747
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	akebu (akbu, akbulnut)
Year of Birth	1962
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	32
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5351
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	04
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Da Chimi (Da Qimi)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1957
Calculated Age	37
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Namling Dzong, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	-
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2433952
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	da chimi (da qimi)
Year of Birth	1957
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	37
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5352
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	05
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Dachung (Daqiong)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1963
Calculated Age	31
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Da Choing, Dashong
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2436049
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	dachung (daqiong)
Year of Birth	1963
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	31
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5353
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	06
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Gyalbu (Jiabu)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1959
Calculated Age	35
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	Born July 1959
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2434706
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	gyalbu (jiabu)
Year of Birth	1959
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	35
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5354
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	07
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Lhotse (Luoze, Lodue)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1962
Calculated Age	32
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Luo Tse
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2435747
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	lhotse (luoze, lodue)
Year of Birth	1962
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	32
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5355
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	08
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Lossang Yonden
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1955
Calculated Age	39
Citizenship	China
Status	Exp Doctor
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Physician
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	True
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	False
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	False
Personal High Point (m)	0
Summit Date 1	-
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	-
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	0
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	0
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Lousang Yundeng, Lobsang Yundan
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	1
Summit Term	17
HCN	0
Checksum	2433261
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	lossang yonden
Year of Birth	1955
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	39
Role	BC Only

Field	Value
ID	5356
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	09
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Pemba Tashi (Bianba Zhaxi)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1965
Calculated Age	29
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	-
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2436789
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	pemba tashi (bianba zhaxi)
Year of Birth	1965
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	29
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5357
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	10
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Ren Na
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1966
Calculated Age	28
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Shigatse, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Rena (born Aug 1966)
Necrology	(1966-2005) Died 27 May 2005 in Pakistan enroute to Gasherbrum from rock slide onto road
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	-2052
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	ren na
Year of Birth	1966
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	28
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5358
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	01
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Samdrup (Samdruk)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1953
Calculated Age	41
Citizenship	China
Status	Leader
Residence	Shigatse, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	True
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	False
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	False
Personal High Point (m)	0
Summit Date 1	-
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	-
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	0
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	0
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Sang Zhu
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	1
Summit Term	17
HCN	0
Checksum	2432401
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	samdrup (samdruk)
Year of Birth	1953
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	41
Role	Leader

Field	Value
ID	5359
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	11
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Tsering Dorje (Cerin Duoji)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1960
Calculated Age	34
Citizenship	China
Status	Climber
Residence	Namling Dzong, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	False
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	aka Cering Doje, Da Cering (born Aug 1960)
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	-2046
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	tsering dorje (cerin duoji)
Year of Birth	1960
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	34
Role	Member

Field	Value
ID	5360
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:05.675609
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Member ID	02
Peak ID	CHOY
Year	1994
Season	3
First Name	Wangyal (Wangjia)
Last Name	-
Sex	M
Age	0
Birth Date	-
Year of Birth	1957
Calculated Age	37
Citizenship	China
Status	Deputy Leader
Residence	Lhatse Dzong, Tibet, China
Occupation	Alpinist
Leader	False
Deputy	True
Basecamp Only	False
Not to BC	False
Support	False
Disabled	False
Hired	False
Sherpa	False
Tibetan	True
Summit Success	True
Claimed	False
Disputed	False
Solo	False
Traverse	False
Ski	False
Paraglide	False
Speed	-
High Point (m)	True
Personal High Point (m)	8188
Summit Date 1	1994-09-30
Summit Date 2	-
Summit Date 3	-
Summit Time 1	0905
Summit Time 2	-
Summit Time 3	-
Route 1	1
Route 2	0
Route 3	0
Ascent 1	157
Ascent 2	0
Ascent 3	0
O2 Used	False
O2 None	True
O2 Climb	False
O2 Descent	False
O2 Sleep	False
O2 Medical	False
O2 Notes	-
Death	False
Death Date	-
Death Time	-
Death Type	0
Death Height (m)	0
Death Class	0
AMS	False
Weather	False
Injury	False
Injury Date	-
Injury Time	-
Injury Type	0
Injury Height (m)	0
Death Notes	-
Member Notes	Born May 1957
Necrology	-
Summit Bid	5
Summit Term	1
HCN	0
Checksum	2433926
Summit Note 1	-
Summit Note 2	-
Summit Note 3	-
Death Route	-
Name (lowercase)	wangyal (wangjia)
Year of Birth	1957
Year	1994
Age at Expedition	37
Role	Deputy

11 recorded members.

Name	Sex	Year of Birth	Citizenship	Status	Residence	Occupation
Akebu (Akbu, Akbulnut)	M	1962	China	Climber	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Cameraman	Details Other expeditions
Da Chimi (Da Qimi)	M	1957	China	Climber	Namling Dzong, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Dachung (Daqiong)	M	1963	China	Climber	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Gyalbu (Jiabu)	M	1959	China	Climber	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Lhotse (Luoze, Lodue)	M	1962	China	Climber	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Lossang Yonden	M	1955	China	Exp Doctor	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Physician	Details Other expeditions
Pemba Tashi (Bianba Zhaxi)	M	1965	China	Climber	Lhasa, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Ren Na	M	1966	China	Climber	Shigatse, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Samdrup (Samdruk)	M	1953	China	Leader	Shigatse, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Tsering Dorje (Cerin Duoji)	M	1960	China	Climber	Namling Dzong, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions
Wangyal (Wangjia)	M	1957	China	Deputy Leader	Lhatse Dzong, Tibet, China	Alpinist	Details Other expeditions

References

Field	Value
ID	3000
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Reference ID	01
Year	1994
Type	2
Journal	AAJ
Author	Hawley, Elizabeth
Title	-
Publisher	-
Publication Date	1995
Language	-
Citation	69:305-306 (1995)
Yak 94	-
Notes	-

Field	Value
ID	11067
Imported	2026-03-06 18:06:36.307770
Expedition ID	CHOY94310
Reference ID	02
Year	1994
Type	5
Journal	-
Author	-
Title	http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199530500/Asia-Tibet-Cho-Oyu-from-Tibet-in-the-Post-Monsoon
Publisher	-
Publication Date	-
Language	-
Citation	-
Yak 94	-
Notes	-

2 recorded references.

Expedition ID	Journal	Author	Title	Publisher	Citation	Yak 94
CHOY94310	AAJ	Hawley, Elizabeth	-	-	69:305-306 (1995)	-
CHOY94310	-	-	http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199530500/Asia-Tibet-Cho-Oyu-from-Tibet-in-the-Post-Monsoon	-	-	-